Электростимуляция
Feb. 10th, 2008 12:10 am![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
healthy_back_18http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/12/19/18.html
A Discussion of the Madison Protocols for Medium Frequency Stimulation
The Moreno-Aranda and Seireg study was undertaken to quantitatively investigate the important stimulation parameters and stimulation pattern which provide efficient, controllable, and painless over-the-skin isometric muscle contraction. Before the study began a review of available studies of electrical stimulation of muscles was completed, including the works of Andrianova et al. (1977), Shpak and Kolesnik (1977), Del Paso and Delgado (1978), and Hambrecht and Reswick (1977). From this review, the following factors were considered in setting the study protocols:
(a) From the standpoint of pain, human tissue is more sensitive to stimulation current at low frequencies than high frequencies. Therefore to minimize skin irritation and pain it is necessary to use high frequencies.
(b) The maximum electrical muscle activity occurs at a frequency ranging between 50-110 Hz. To stimulate the maximum possible number of muscle fibers, it is necessary to use an electrical signal with a frequency close to this range.
(c) The refractory period of a skeletal muscle cell is approximately 4-5 ms. For optimum performance, the electrical stimulator should provide a rest period of at least 5 ms.
(d) The stimulator should be able to produce a muscle contraction, maintain it for a certain period of time, and then let the muscle relax for another period of time.
(e) Pain, itching, tickling and all uncomfortable sensations caused by over-the-skin electrical stimulation should be minimized.
(f) To reduce electrode polarization, the signal should change its polarity every time it becomes zero.
A sinusoidal wave of medium frequency was used since it meets all the requirements mentioned above.
Stimulation Parameters
Medium frequency stimulation range is between 1kHz (1,000) and 100 kHz (100,000). For the purpose of the Moreno-Aranda and Seireg study, a medium frequency sine generator capable of generating a sinusoidal carrier wave between 500-10,000 Hz and modulated between 10-500 Hz was used. Duty cycle of the current was variable from 0-100 percent. On/off time was variable from 1-10 seconds.
To determine maximum force of contraction vs. level of pain vs. stimulator parameters, a ring shaped transducer was attached to the middle and ring fingers. Force of contraction of the finger flexor muscles was then measured using various mixtures of carrier frequency, stimulation frequency, amplitude, on/off times, and duty cycle.
Results
When analyzing maximum force of contraction, the following parameters were determined to be the most efficient: И неясно что здесь было
However, using these parameters to achieve maximum force caused the test subjects enough pain that the researchers abandoned the above as viable optimum protocols.
When a subjective pain scale is used, the optimum carrier frequency shifts in favor of 10 kHz as illustrated below.
Pain Level
Carrier Frequency, Hz
On-off frequency = 100 Hz. Duty Cycle = 20%. Total stim voltage = 19.7 V. This chart clearly demonstrates that carrier frequencies higher than what is commonly used, cause less patient discomfort. -------------------------------------------------------------------
Moreno-Aranda and Seireg provided proof positive that 10,000 Hz carrier waves are the most comfortable to use and provide best patient compliance.
Long-Term Stimulation
Moreno-Aranda and Seireg also conducted tests to study the effects of repetitive muscle stimulation on muscle fatigue. Their findings, as illustrated below, establish that the most efficient repetitive stimulation is achieved using an on time of 1.5 seconds and an off time of 4.5 seconds for a total of 60 seconds. This is followed by a rest period of 60 seconds. Using this protocol can achieve an almost equal force from one contraction to the next.
Force, gm
Stimulation Number
Force vs stimulation number: A) Stim for 1.5 s followed by 4.5 s rest; B) stim for 2.0 s followed by 6.0 rest; C) stim for 3.0 s followed by 3.0 s rest; D) stim for 4.5 s followed by 1.5 s rest; E) 6.0 s followed by 2.0 s rest. -------------------------------------------------------------------
Their study concluded that when optimum repetitive muscle contraction is desired, it is best to shorten the stimulation time to inhibit muscle fatigue during subsequent contraction cycles.
Conclusions
Based on all the results obtained and analyzed in their initial study, Moreno-Aranda and Seireg determined that the following parameters should be used for over-the-skin electrical:
These parameters have been named the Madison Protocols.
These results were later verified by additional studies on other muscles of 25 test subjects of different age, sex, weight, skin characteristics and national origin.
Comment
The original work of Nemec in superimposing two medium frequency currents of equal amplitude but different frequencies was to determine the viability of creating a beat frequency deep in the tissues. His work was not intended to determine optimum equipment parameters. That was left to others. It appears that current manufacturers of medium frequency stimulators have overlooked the independent work done by Moreno-Aranda and Seireg at the University of Wisconsin. Why has this happened?
After 15 years of designing and manufacturing various types of electrical stimulators, it is the opinion of the author that the vast majority of stimulators available are simply copies of previous successful devices that copy the features of other successful designs. This copy cat approach to design can be very successful in the marketplace but if too many copies are introduced, originality is lost and the reasons for the original design can be forgotten.
This has, in my opinion, happened with medium frequency stimulators. The vast majority use the same features only because of the competition. Many are actually produced by a single manufacturer and sold under different labels. The result is not an agreement over the parameters to be used, but rather a "don't rock the boat" approach to marketing. The author calls for a return to equipment design that embraces proven independent studies for safety and effectiveness.
About Russian Stim
After review of the research by Moreno-Aranda and Seireg, the author poses an opinion that the original parameters of Kotz (1977) to create the medium frequency stimulation known as Russian Stim may not be valid. It has been determined that the 2,500 Hz carrier used by Kotz has no special properties and in fact is not the most effective for optimum muscle contraction or reduction of skin resistance.
In fact, the parameters of Russian Stim, as currently used, may be unnecessarily painful to the patient and be an inefficient method of muscle contraction. The author invites additional comments on this subject.
http://www.healiohealth.com/tek9.asp?pg=products&specific=jnonjpp8&gclid=CKWsrdHkuJECFQiaPAod-DVVDA
The only portable Russian Stimulator on the Market
http://www.stimrx.com/faq.html
Electronic Muscle Stimulator (EMS) or Neuromuscular Stimulator (NMS) is a useful tool for prevention or retardation of muscle spasm, muscle re-education, maintaining and increasing the range of motion, and increasing local blood circulation. Common candidates for Electronic Muscle Stimulator (EMS)or Neuromuscular Stimulator (NMS) include those in high stress situations who experience muscle tension in the upper back and neck areas, and those who suffer from chronic tension headaches.
What is Russian Stim?
Russian Stimulation is a specific form of electro-stimulation with a Symmetrical Biphasic Square waveform produced by dividing a 2500 Hz carrier frequency into 50 Hz packets . Originally developed by the Russian Olympic team for muscle mass enhancement, is now often used for muscle strengthening, muscle spasms & Edema reduction in the United States.
Russian Muscle stimulation is similar to EMS. It is designed to stimulate motor nerves. However, the high frequency of 2500 Hz allows for deeper muscle penetration and a more complete/stronger contraction of the muscle fibers.
http://www.vitalityweb.com/backstore/ems4000.htm
Russian Stim is 2500Hertz at 50 pulses per second. This means that 50 times a second a 2500Hertz pulse stream is sent to your muscle. The benefit of this type of stimulation is a deeper penetration of the muscle and more intense contraction of the muscle. This type of stimulation is commonly used by doctors for treatment of: Rehabilitation, Scoliosis, Spinal Cord Injuries, and chronic muscular pain syndromes.
STANDARD MODEL FOR MUSCLE STRENGTHENING and TONING
*
Works four muscle groups for a complete workout!
*
Four Channels, 12 Electrode Pads (8 Active at a time), Channels Isolated
*
Waveform: Biphasic or Mono-Phasic
*
Frequency: 2 - 140 Hertz
*
Reciprocation: Yes (for supersetting muscle groups)
*
Pulse Width: 300 microseconds
*
Ramp Time: 3 Seconds
*
Contraction Time: variable 3 to 45 Seconds
*
Relaxation Time: variable 3 to 45 Seconds
*
Power Output: 0 - 34.3 microColumbs (100 Volts)
*
Power: 110V US AC-DC Power adapter
*
Pads: Eight 4" Round and Four 2.5" Round
*
Eight Velcro Straps and a 2oz tube of Vital Gel
*
Dimensions: 3 1/4"(H) x 8" (W) x 8" (L)
*
Fuse: 250V 4A slow blow
*
FREE Four Pack of 3" Round Self Adhesive Electrodes
*
One Year Manufacturer's Warranty
RUSSIAN STIM. VITAL STIM MODELS 4000R
EMS AND RUSSIAN STIMULATION FOR HOME AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
*
OPERATING MODES: EMS, RUSSIAN STIMULATION
*
4 Channels(4000R), Channels Isolated
*
Waveform: Biphasic or Mono-Phasic
*
Standard Mode Frequency: 2 - 140 Hertz
*
Russian Stimulation Mode: 2500 Hertz @ 50 PPS
*
Reciprocation: Yes
*
Pulse Width: 200 microseconds
*
Ramp Time: 3 Seconds
*
Contraction Time: variable 3 to 45 Seconds
*
Relaxation Time: variable 3 to 45 Seconds
o
Power Output: 0 - 34.3 microColumbs (100 volts)
*
Power: 110V US AC-DC Power adapter
*
Pads: Eight 4" Round and Four 2.5" Round
*
Eight Velcro Straps and 2oz tube of Vital Gel
*
Dimensions: 3 1/4"(H) x 8" (W) x 8" (L)
*
Fuse: 250V 4A slow blow
*
FREE Four Pack of 3" Round Self Adhesive Electrodes
*
One Year Manufacturer's Warranty
http://www.superfoots.com/tdr64.html
Regular stim mode (1-200) Tens mode and Russian Stim(1-2500HZ)
http://www.healiohealth.com/tek9.asp?pg=products&specific=jnonjpp8
The only portable Russian Stimulator on the Market
http://apps.humana.com/tad/tad_new/issuedetail.asp?issue=563
Neuromuscular Stimulator
Neuromuscular electrical stimulators (NMES) are small electronic devices that are affixed externally by the patient to the skin by the way of electrodes. There are two types of NMES. One type of device stimulates muscle to maintain muscle tone during temporary extremity immobilization. The other type of NMES is used to enhance the ability to walk in spinal cord injured (SCI) patients by emitting electrical impulses to stimulate paralyzed or weak muscles in a specific order. NMES differ from transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units, which are used for pain management therapy (See TENS).
A Discussion of the Madison Protocols for Medium Frequency Stimulation
The Moreno-Aranda and Seireg study was undertaken to quantitatively investigate the important stimulation parameters and stimulation pattern which provide efficient, controllable, and painless over-the-skin isometric muscle contraction. Before the study began a review of available studies of electrical stimulation of muscles was completed, including the works of Andrianova et al. (1977), Shpak and Kolesnik (1977), Del Paso and Delgado (1978), and Hambrecht and Reswick (1977). From this review, the following factors were considered in setting the study protocols:
(a) From the standpoint of pain, human tissue is more sensitive to stimulation current at low frequencies than high frequencies. Therefore to minimize skin irritation and pain it is necessary to use high frequencies.
(b) The maximum electrical muscle activity occurs at a frequency ranging between 50-110 Hz. To stimulate the maximum possible number of muscle fibers, it is necessary to use an electrical signal with a frequency close to this range.
(c) The refractory period of a skeletal muscle cell is approximately 4-5 ms. For optimum performance, the electrical stimulator should provide a rest period of at least 5 ms.
(d) The stimulator should be able to produce a muscle contraction, maintain it for a certain period of time, and then let the muscle relax for another period of time.
(e) Pain, itching, tickling and all uncomfortable sensations caused by over-the-skin electrical stimulation should be minimized.
(f) To reduce electrode polarization, the signal should change its polarity every time it becomes zero.
A sinusoidal wave of medium frequency was used since it meets all the requirements mentioned above.
Stimulation Parameters
Medium frequency stimulation range is between 1kHz (1,000) and 100 kHz (100,000). For the purpose of the Moreno-Aranda and Seireg study, a medium frequency sine generator capable of generating a sinusoidal carrier wave between 500-10,000 Hz and modulated between 10-500 Hz was used. Duty cycle of the current was variable from 0-100 percent. On/off time was variable from 1-10 seconds.
To determine maximum force of contraction vs. level of pain vs. stimulator parameters, a ring shaped transducer was attached to the middle and ring fingers. Force of contraction of the finger flexor muscles was then measured using various mixtures of carrier frequency, stimulation frequency, amplitude, on/off times, and duty cycle.
Results
When analyzing maximum force of contraction, the following parameters were determined to be the most efficient: И неясно что здесь было
However, using these parameters to achieve maximum force caused the test subjects enough pain that the researchers abandoned the above as viable optimum protocols.
When a subjective pain scale is used, the optimum carrier frequency shifts in favor of 10 kHz as illustrated below.
Pain Level
Carrier Frequency, Hz
On-off frequency = 100 Hz. Duty Cycle = 20%. Total stim voltage = 19.7 V. This chart clearly demonstrates that carrier frequencies higher than what is commonly used, cause less patient discomfort. -------------------------------------------------------------------
Moreno-Aranda and Seireg provided proof positive that 10,000 Hz carrier waves are the most comfortable to use and provide best patient compliance.
Long-Term Stimulation
Moreno-Aranda and Seireg also conducted tests to study the effects of repetitive muscle stimulation on muscle fatigue. Their findings, as illustrated below, establish that the most efficient repetitive stimulation is achieved using an on time of 1.5 seconds and an off time of 4.5 seconds for a total of 60 seconds. This is followed by a rest period of 60 seconds. Using this protocol can achieve an almost equal force from one contraction to the next.
Force, gm
Stimulation Number
Force vs stimulation number: A) Stim for 1.5 s followed by 4.5 s rest; B) stim for 2.0 s followed by 6.0 rest; C) stim for 3.0 s followed by 3.0 s rest; D) stim for 4.5 s followed by 1.5 s rest; E) 6.0 s followed by 2.0 s rest. -------------------------------------------------------------------
Their study concluded that when optimum repetitive muscle contraction is desired, it is best to shorten the stimulation time to inhibit muscle fatigue during subsequent contraction cycles.
Conclusions
Based on all the results obtained and analyzed in their initial study, Moreno-Aranda and Seireg determined that the following parameters should be used for over-the-skin electrical:
These parameters have been named the Madison Protocols.
These results were later verified by additional studies on other muscles of 25 test subjects of different age, sex, weight, skin characteristics and national origin.
Comment
The original work of Nemec in superimposing two medium frequency currents of equal amplitude but different frequencies was to determine the viability of creating a beat frequency deep in the tissues. His work was not intended to determine optimum equipment parameters. That was left to others. It appears that current manufacturers of medium frequency stimulators have overlooked the independent work done by Moreno-Aranda and Seireg at the University of Wisconsin. Why has this happened?
After 15 years of designing and manufacturing various types of electrical stimulators, it is the opinion of the author that the vast majority of stimulators available are simply copies of previous successful devices that copy the features of other successful designs. This copy cat approach to design can be very successful in the marketplace but if too many copies are introduced, originality is lost and the reasons for the original design can be forgotten.
This has, in my opinion, happened with medium frequency stimulators. The vast majority use the same features only because of the competition. Many are actually produced by a single manufacturer and sold under different labels. The result is not an agreement over the parameters to be used, but rather a "don't rock the boat" approach to marketing. The author calls for a return to equipment design that embraces proven independent studies for safety and effectiveness.
About Russian Stim
After review of the research by Moreno-Aranda and Seireg, the author poses an opinion that the original parameters of Kotz (1977) to create the medium frequency stimulation known as Russian Stim may not be valid. It has been determined that the 2,500 Hz carrier used by Kotz has no special properties and in fact is not the most effective for optimum muscle contraction or reduction of skin resistance.
In fact, the parameters of Russian Stim, as currently used, may be unnecessarily painful to the patient and be an inefficient method of muscle contraction. The author invites additional comments on this subject.
http://www.healiohealth.com/tek9.asp?pg=products&specific=jnonjpp8&gclid=CKWsrdHkuJECFQiaPAod-DVVDA
The only portable Russian Stimulator on the Market
http://www.stimrx.com/faq.html
Electronic Muscle Stimulator (EMS) or Neuromuscular Stimulator (NMS) is a useful tool for prevention or retardation of muscle spasm, muscle re-education, maintaining and increasing the range of motion, and increasing local blood circulation. Common candidates for Electronic Muscle Stimulator (EMS)or Neuromuscular Stimulator (NMS) include those in high stress situations who experience muscle tension in the upper back and neck areas, and those who suffer from chronic tension headaches.
What is Russian Stim?
Russian Stimulation is a specific form of electro-stimulation with a Symmetrical Biphasic Square waveform produced by dividing a 2500 Hz carrier frequency into 50 Hz packets . Originally developed by the Russian Olympic team for muscle mass enhancement, is now often used for muscle strengthening, muscle spasms & Edema reduction in the United States.
Russian Muscle stimulation is similar to EMS. It is designed to stimulate motor nerves. However, the high frequency of 2500 Hz allows for deeper muscle penetration and a more complete/stronger contraction of the muscle fibers.
http://www.vitalityweb.com/backstore/ems4000.htm
Russian Stim is 2500Hertz at 50 pulses per second. This means that 50 times a second a 2500Hertz pulse stream is sent to your muscle. The benefit of this type of stimulation is a deeper penetration of the muscle and more intense contraction of the muscle. This type of stimulation is commonly used by doctors for treatment of: Rehabilitation, Scoliosis, Spinal Cord Injuries, and chronic muscular pain syndromes.
STANDARD MODEL FOR MUSCLE STRENGTHENING and TONING
*
Works four muscle groups for a complete workout!
*
Four Channels, 12 Electrode Pads (8 Active at a time), Channels Isolated
*
Waveform: Biphasic or Mono-Phasic
*
Frequency: 2 - 140 Hertz
*
Reciprocation: Yes (for supersetting muscle groups)
*
Pulse Width: 300 microseconds
*
Ramp Time: 3 Seconds
*
Contraction Time: variable 3 to 45 Seconds
*
Relaxation Time: variable 3 to 45 Seconds
*
Power Output: 0 - 34.3 microColumbs (100 Volts)
*
Power: 110V US AC-DC Power adapter
*
Pads: Eight 4" Round and Four 2.5" Round
*
Eight Velcro Straps and a 2oz tube of Vital Gel
*
Dimensions: 3 1/4"(H) x 8" (W) x 8" (L)
*
Fuse: 250V 4A slow blow
*
FREE Four Pack of 3" Round Self Adhesive Electrodes
*
One Year Manufacturer's Warranty
RUSSIAN STIM. VITAL STIM MODELS 4000R
EMS AND RUSSIAN STIMULATION FOR HOME AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
*
OPERATING MODES: EMS, RUSSIAN STIMULATION
*
4 Channels(4000R), Channels Isolated
*
Waveform: Biphasic or Mono-Phasic
*
Standard Mode Frequency: 2 - 140 Hertz
*
Russian Stimulation Mode: 2500 Hertz @ 50 PPS
*
Reciprocation: Yes
*
Pulse Width: 200 microseconds
*
Ramp Time: 3 Seconds
*
Contraction Time: variable 3 to 45 Seconds
*
Relaxation Time: variable 3 to 45 Seconds
o
Power Output: 0 - 34.3 microColumbs (100 volts)
*
Power: 110V US AC-DC Power adapter
*
Pads: Eight 4" Round and Four 2.5" Round
*
Eight Velcro Straps and 2oz tube of Vital Gel
*
Dimensions: 3 1/4"(H) x 8" (W) x 8" (L)
*
Fuse: 250V 4A slow blow
*
FREE Four Pack of 3" Round Self Adhesive Electrodes
*
One Year Manufacturer's Warranty
http://www.superfoots.com/tdr64.html
Regular stim mode (1-200) Tens mode and Russian Stim(1-2500HZ)
http://www.healiohealth.com/tek9.asp?pg=products&specific=jnonjpp8
The only portable Russian Stimulator on the Market
http://apps.humana.com/tad/tad_new/issuedetail.asp?issue=563
Neuromuscular Stimulator
Neuromuscular electrical stimulators (NMES) are small electronic devices that are affixed externally by the patient to the skin by the way of electrodes. There are two types of NMES. One type of device stimulates muscle to maintain muscle tone during temporary extremity immobilization. The other type of NMES is used to enhance the ability to walk in spinal cord injured (SCI) patients by emitting electrical impulses to stimulate paralyzed or weak muscles in a specific order. NMES differ from transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units, which are used for pain management therapy (See TENS).
